Essay on Project Management - 1464 Words

Project Management Project management is an essential part of the work environment and its purpose within business, academic backgrounds and research are crucial to the development of solutions and products that enable a company to be successful. The idea of project management is quite simple; a group of people are detached from the company and given a goal to focus their efforts on. The size of the group is entirely dependant on the size of the company. When looking to put together a project management team, there are two key factors that many, if not all, companies take into consideration; the skills that each individual possess in the team and whether these skills can be utilised in such a way to achieve their goal in a†¦show more content†¦They client can report to them whether this plan is too complicated for their company or whether it takes up an unreasonable amount of time to implement which would result in a loss of business. The success of the project management team would ultimately depend on whether the company benefits from an increased number of customers since the implementation of the project management plan, which would inevitably lead to greater revenue. For larger companies, it is not much different but the objectives that the project management team have to address would be more complex since sometimes the businesses will have to make use scarce resources efficiently, especially in hi-tech fields. Thus this would take more time. In this situation, the success of the project management team is judged by whether they can complete all of the objectives in a set time, within budget and sometimes on an international scale. In both cases, whether the company is large or small, the sign of a good project management team is its ability to identify problems or issues with the project as early on as possible and also the ability of the project manager to follow up their previous projects whether they be successful or not providing solutions along the way to the client. This is how the performance of a management team should be assed; by the quality of the follow ups of its projects, the ability to produce project plans for long andShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words   |  13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words   |  6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words   |  7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

The Mesmerizer Essay - 635 Words

The essay â€Å"The Mesmerizer† by Mark Twain is a story about a young yet mature boy who encounters an opportunity to get noticed. This all happens when Simmons, the hypnotist, comes to his town named Hannibal. At first the mesmerizer seems just like your â€Å"average† hypnotist, enchanting and intriguing. But the real question is ,† Is this really an act?†. When Twain takes the stage he instantly begins playing along and then realizes that Simmons is a fraud just like himself. The townspeople have no clue though and still remain fascinated with every stunt, skit, and performance on the stage. The truth is that they are all just actors in the story and in reality. The mesmerizer is just doing his job moving from town to town earning his living.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The age at which a boy is willing to endure all things, suffer all things short of death by fire if thereby he may be conspicuous and show off before the public†. This e xcerpt provides evidence that Twain was in it for the thrill of getting a rise out of people. He honestly admits that he acts out because of his age, meaning that he must be but an actor of course young or old. The audience also plays a big role when proving that it was all just an act. As it says in the story, they bought their way into the show and were amazed by everything that was performed on the stage. â€Å"Come forward and test him, ladies and gentlemen, â€Å" the men and women both complied eagerly, and stuck pins into both Hicks and Twain. The audience went along with this all and thought of it as entertainment, because they came up and actually participated in the acts. This of course shows that the crowd really didn’t know what the heck was going on. The mesmerizer was actually a hypnotist, bottom line. The tone is very significant within a novel because it depicts how the author is feeling about the certain events that arise throughout the story. For example, Twain’s attitude in the novel makes us see that he is a real showoff. It also proves that he is in it for the attention and to receive a sense of self worth. The pompous attitude only redirects us to the idea that it was all just for self gratitude and to provide anShow MoreRelatedEssay The Autobiographical Nature of The Mesmerizer, by Mark Twain640 Words   |  3 Pages In the article â€Å"The Mesmerizer,† by Mark Twain in his autobiography, Twain tells us a story when he was a teenager. In 1850, there was an exciting event taking place in the village Hannibal. A mesmerizer named Simmons came to town to advertise his show. Simmons has a subject in his show named Hicks. Fifteen year old Twain participates in this show that Simmons promised marvels to his audience, the townspeo ple. Twain usurps Hicks’s place stealing the spotlight with a lie. Although TwainRead MoreThe Use of Sensory Imagery in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Coleridge579 Words   |  3 Pagessailor’s tale by telling about the appearance of the Ancient Mariner, the Nightmare Life-in-Death, and the great Albatross. Appearing ostensibly timeworn, the Mariner has a long gray beard, brown skinny hands, and a glittering eye, being a sign of a mesmerizer as he holds the wedding guest’s attention during the gruesome tale. The Nightmare Life-in-Death, who has rosy lips, free looks, golden hair, but also, â€Å"skin as white as leprosy,† radiates beauty in a lifeless spirit. Seeing the great Albatross,Read MoreEssay on Edgar Allan Poes The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar2595 Words   |  11 Pageshe visits her sepulcher by the sea. In fact, it even seemed that Poe was obsessed with mesmerism. Mesmerism was a pseudo-science that was developed by Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer in the 18th century. It involves some social role-playing with the mesmerizer making suggestions and his clients becoming absolutely mesmerized by him. Mesmer used his extraordinary powers of suggestion to send people into frenzied convulsions or sleeplike trances. Mesmer claimed that he could cure various ailments with

The Representation of Race in Mass-Media Free Essays

Race as a discourse, has emerged from society romanticizing the idea of biological and psychological differences existing between various ethnic groups. To comprehend and analyze the phenomenon of this racial dilemma, one must have a complete understanding of how culture and identity work hand-in-hand within our society. By controlling most of the social institutions, such as mass communication, politics and corporations; the dominant culture methodically overpowers and exploits the ethnic minority groups, in order to establish its own cultural identity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Representation of Race in Mass-Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now One such institution is mass media- an industry that not only historically oppresses ethnic minority groups such as African-Americans, but also diminishes their societal status to that of a second-class citizen through the use of stereotypical representations. Because, it is controlled predominantly by the white liberal elites- an autocratic, financially driven organization, whose main objective is to protect the integrity of white culture; mass media industry is therefore, forced to reject all moral conventions, in order to present ethnic minorities as antagonists. The ideas of Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Stuart Hall accurately represent the century-old exploitative and oppressive nature of mass media- an industry that has perpetually employed racialized discourse and racist expressions against ethnic minorities such as African-Americans, in order to portray them as subordinate. Stuart Hall, a cultural theorist and sociologist from the United Kingdom, suggests that humanity should simply not just study the theme of culture, but also view it as a primary source of social interactions (Proctor 16). Because culture is a site of an ongoing struggle of power between different ethnic groups, what Hall is suggesting is that, one should only study it with the mindset of exposing each and every one its negative consequences on humanity. According to Hall, in American culture, the mass media industry is one of the main reasons why such a power struggle continues to exist within our society. He describes mass media as an industry that not only generates and influences the beliefs of mankind, but also produces â€Å"representations of the social world, images, descriptions, explanations, and frames for understanding how the world is and why it works as it is said and shown to work† (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 19). Since the beginning of time, race has played a vital role in the transformation of human consciousness. Therefore, as long as this notion exists in our society, mass media will continue to exploit it for financial profits. During the eighteenth-century, racial stereotyping was so widespread in the United States that any illustrator could pick up a pen and draw minorities based on the two themes of their lack of culture and innate laziness (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 249). These caricaturists and cartoonists degraded the African-American community by exaggerating their physical characteristics: big noses, frizzy hair, wide faces, dark complexion, thick lips and hips, etc (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 249). Hall describes such a form of ethnic discrimination as a â€Å"racialized regime of representation†, a phenomenon that continues to exist, even in the twenty-first century (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 26). Throughout history, African-Americans have always been presented as a race that is juvenile, one-dimensional, and greedy for money and sex, and perpetrators of violence and crime (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 272). The uneven distribution of power in American culture has allowed the white population to characterize the lives of African-Americans as inferior, an objectification that has been frozen in time and space. Popular representations of racial stereotypes against African-Americans can be examined in the American cinema of the mid-twentieth-century. Donald Bogle’s 1973 critical study titled, Toms, Coons, Mulattos, Mammies, And Bucks: an interpretive history of blacks in African films analyzed the five main stereotypes that were prevalent in Hollywood films of the fifties and sixties: Toms- the good Negros, who were always â€Å"chased, harassed, hounded, flogged, enslaved, and insulted† (Bogle 6). Coons- a black child who was â€Å"unreliable, crazy, lazy, subhuman creatures good for nothing than eating watermelons, stealing chickens, shooting crap, or butchering the English language† (Bogle 7). The Tragic Mulatto- a fair skinned, mixed-race woman, with whom the viewers sympathized, because she was refused entry into the white community because of her â€Å"tainted† blood (Bogle 9). Mammies- the predominant black female servant who was big, loud, bossy, obese and self-sufficient (Bogle 9). Finally the Bad Bucks- physically strong characters, who were always â€Å"big, badddd niggers, over-sexed and savage, violent and frenzied as they lust for white flesh† (Bogle 10). According to Hall, the feature-length film that gave birth to such African-American characteristics was David Llewelyn Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, released in 1915 (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). The silent film provoked great controversy, because not only did it promote white supremacy, but also depict the Ku Klux Klan positively as heroes- a secret white society that was destined to lead humanity to salvation. Griffith, a firm believer in anti-miscegenation laws and white supremacy, portrayed the African-Americans as negative characters who were a threat to white integrity; hence they had to be eliminated. Therefore, as the film demonstrates, white supremacy is upheld, and the good (whites) triumphs over evil (blacks) when the Ku Klux Klan physically assault the African-Americans, burn their houses down and lynch them in public (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 252). Karl Heinrich Marx, a renowned German philosopher, political theorist and sociologist argues that society is comprised of two classes: the exploited and the exploiters (Balkaran 1). He suggests that in any given society, one class will eventually conquer the other and exploit it thereafter, through any means necessary (Balkaran 1). Looking back at the American society of the nineteenth-century, it is evident that there was an existence of such class system, one in which the white population overpowered the African-Americans, and forced them to be slaves (Balkaran 1). Even in present day, such a form of exploitation can be discovered in the racial stereotyping of ethnic minority groups. According to Stuart Hall, the uneven distribution of power between the exploited and the exploiters can not only lead to economic profiteering, but also physical violence (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 259). This power has such a strong influence that it can allow one to represent the other in any form desirable: positive or negative. Hall describes such a form of objectification as a â€Å"racialized regime of representation†, a phenomenon that has negatively influenced the lives of African-Americans for centuries (Hall, â€Å"The Whites† 26). In the eighteenth-century, American culture granted an extraordinary power to the white population- the authority over African-Americans; forcing them to be slaves, hindering their success and confining them to lives to subordination. The white owners overpowered the black male slaves physically and emotionally by illustrating them as a gender, which did not have the apacity to own land or provide adequately for their families (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 262). As a result of the denial of these male attributes, black slaves were portrayed to the rest of the world as adolescents, who could neither take care of themselves or their families- a stereotype that is prevent, even in present day. Such stereotypes are only a reference to what has been conceptua lized in fantasy by the ones who hold most of the power (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 262). By representing the African-American slaves as lazy and incompetent, the elites are corrupting the minds of and perceptions of the general public. For Hall, racial stereotypes only present one-half of the story, the other half is where the deeper meaning lies (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 263). What he is referring to is the notion of a single racial stereotype leading to two different and independent human perceptions. This idea of a double meaning existing in a single stereotype can be examined in Antoine Fuqua’s 2001 motion picture Training Day. In the film, whenever Denzel Washington’s character, Detective Alonzo Harris acts ‘macho’, he negatively portrays the African-American community as perpetrators of violence, in addition to promoting the stereotypical black childlike behavior. However, in accordance with Hall’s notion of an implicit meaning existing in every stereotype, one can see that the ‘macho’ behavior is validating a much more disturbing and complicated white fantasy- that African-Americans are in fact aggressive, better endowed than their white counterparts, over-sexed and superspade (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 263). Henry Louis Gates Junior, an eloquent commentator on issues of multiculturalism and racism argues that the direct correlation between race and racism can be disputed. What he is suggesting is that discrimination against ethnic groups is linked more to the phenomenon of power relations than any biological assimilation (Daley 1). He believes that the notion of race is simply a fabrication, one with no real purpose with the exception of formal discussions, because: ‘races’, put simply, do not exist, and to claim that they do, for whatever misguided reason, is to stand on dangerous ground†¦ For, if we believe that races exist as things, as categories of being already ‘there,’ we cannot escape the danger of generalizing about observed differences between human beings as if the differences were consistent and determined, a priori (Gates 402). He is arguing that the notion of race has simply been etched in humanity’s consciousness with one goal in mind- to confine ethnic minorities to lives of subordination. Throughout the nineteenth-century, the Iroquois in Canada and the blacks in America were being forced into the so called ‘civilized’ white Christian society, because the bodies of these ethnic minorities were deemed inferior. Therefore, Gates believes that the portrayal of minorities was due to the wrongful employment of racial characterization, a process in which: one generalizes about the attributes of an individual (and treats him or her accordingly). Such generalizations are based upon a predetermined set of causes or effects thought to be shared by all members of a physically defined group who are also assumed to share certain ‘metaphysical’ characteristics†¦ can have rather little to do with aggression or contempt in intent, even if the effect is contemptible (but often ‘well-intentioned’) (Gates 403). According to Gates, not only does this form of representation lead to a ‘racist’ benevolence, paternalism and sexual attraction towards African-Americans, but also a romanticizing of black culture (Daley 2). This form of racial representation was condescending to the African-Americans, because it depicted them as having instinctual physical, structural, and biological characteristics of greed and violence. Through the use of mass media, white supremacists represented black culture as being an entity that was separate from the African-Americans (Daley 2). Mass media at time of the twentieth-century played a vital role in forming and reflecting public opinion on the issues of racial representation and discrimination. As a result of media, the word ‘Negro’ began to be associated with the balance of power in society. It became a metaphor of the conflict between good and evil, educated and barbaric, master and servant- a fight for the control of power; a struggle that was etched into the consciousness of all Americans (Daley 2). By negatively representing the African-Americans, mass-media had caused a division between the ‘blacks’ and the ‘whites’- a rift that is still evident in twenty-first-century; not only in the United States, but all over the world (Daley 2). One can argue that not only has this gap dictated every discussion related to race and racial bias of our time, but that it will continue to do so for centuries to come with no end in sight. Media will continue to depict African-Americans as individuals who perpetrate violence, and are only motivated by greed and ex, because this approach allows the industry to gain a mass audience- a predominant white population that believes in white supremacy and wants to see the black race oppressed and destroyed. Linking back to Gates view on minority groups being confined to lives of subordination in the eighteenth-century, one can see that mass-media in present day carries out the same form of oppression. Because the industry is dr iven by monetary profits, it employs racial prejudice in its broadcasts, and enforces certain negative stereotypes against minorities, in order to confine them to deteriorated lifestyles. The American cinema of the mid-twentieth-century is regarded by many cultural sociologists as an era that promoted the positive representation of African-Americans for the first time. Motion pictures released in the early fifties enlightened the general public of the sensitive issues of race and stereotypes. In spite of the industry being controlled predominantly by the elite class of White-Americans, the films that were generated, characterized the black community as positive role models. A clear-cut example of such positive racial representation in mass media can be found in Stanley Kramer’s The Defiant Ones, a 1958 cult classic, in which the character of Noah Cullen portrayed by Sidney Poitier disregards the notion of differences in race; instead assisting a white prisoner escape from jail. Not only did the portrayal of Noah Cullen allow Poitier to score a BAFTA award for best actor in a lead role; it also secured his admission into mainstream Hollywood films. Following the success of The Defiant Ones, Poitier’s on screen roles now exemplified everything that the stereotypical African-American figure was not (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). Even though the white elites controlled American cinema, they continued to construct characters for Poitier in such a way so as to positively portray the African-American community. His film characters were widely accepted by the white population as one of their own, because the morals, and behavior that he exhibited, met the standards of the mass audience (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). Poitier’s characters represented the quintessential Caucasian male: one who was fluent in English, well-educated, smart and had proper table etiquette (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). History had repeated itself in the case of Sidney Poitier, because by portraying the role of a reformed African-American male, he relinquished the very little power that he had, to the white elites. In the eighteenth-century, the White-American population established its identity by means of absorbing ethnic minorities into their so-called ‘civilized’ Christian body. Because white elites had transformed Poitier’s African-American character, from an un-cooperative, over-sexed, savage beast into a sexless, docile and sterile ‘civilized’ gentleman; he no longer posed a threat to the integrity and dignity of white culture (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 253). In the late sixties and early seventies, American cinema implemented different strategy, in order to financially exploit the African-American community. The industry introduced a new class of African-American heroes- individuals who challenged the notion of white culture as superior to all others. Case in point, Gordon Parks’ 1971 box office success, Shaft, in which the main character- a black detective disputes the very existence of white patriarchal power in American society (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). To attain maximum pleasure in his ‘mythic’ life, John Shaft resorts to violence, drugs, illegal money and sexual relations with white and black women (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). The stereotypical notion of an African-American’s child-like dependency on the white community that had been prevalent since the eighteenth-century could no longer be applied to John Shaft, because he was confident and self-sufficient. Because, his elegance and charisma appealed to the African-American audiences, they were susceptible to the exploitation of the film industry. Black viewers were able to identify with characters such as John Shaft, because they represented a â€Å"mythic† life- one which was glorious and heroic (Hall, â€Å"Representation† 271). They flocked to theatres by the thousands, in order to watch films that depicted the triumph of ‘black’ over ‘white’, but what they failed to recognize was that such movies were only produced so that they could be financially exploited. Word Cited: Balkaran, Stephen. â€Å"Mass Media and Racism. † Yale University. Oct. 1999. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. yale. edu/ypq/articles/oct99/oct99b. html#fn1. Gates, Henry L. â€Å"Race,† writing, and difference. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986. Hall, Stuart. Representation cultural representations and signifying practices. London: Sage Publications Ltd. , 1997. Hall, Stuart. The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media. London: Silver Linings, 1995. Bogle, David. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. New York: Viking, 1973. â€Å"Mike Daley: The representation of ‘race’ in mass media. † Mikedaley. net. York University. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. mikedaley. net/essay_raceinmassmedia. htm. Procter, James. Stuart Hall. London: Routledge, 2004. Balkaran, Stephen. â€Å"Mass Media and Racism. † Yale University. Oct. 1999. Web. 03 Dec. 2009. http://www. yale. edu/ypq/articles/oct99/oct99b. html#fn1. How to cite The Representation of Race in Mass-Media, Essay examples

Impact of Homelessness on Person’s Health and Wider Community

Question: Explain what homelessness is and how is affects a person's health with a holistic concept of health as well as how it affect the wider community. Answer: Introduction One of the major issues faced by people at large is that of homelessness. This has been a severe issue which suggests the condition of people as without having a regular dwelling. People that are homeless are often faced with the problem of getting adequate residence in spending their day and night time. It is essential that there should be certain place whereby people can take shelter, but these homeless people often finds it difficult to have their own residence. As a result, they have to face with lots of struggles in their daily life. Homelessness is a major issue especially in respect to developing and under developed economies whereby people living below poverty line are many (Bhugra, 2007). The volume of poor people has been significantly higher in such countries and as a result, this problem of homelessness is also witnessed at a greater level. However, the main issue with this problem of homelessness is that there are severe kinds of threats to which people are being exposed . As for instance, the most significant is the health issues to which people are exposed from the issue of homelessness. There can be significant level of impact on the wider community from this problem of homelessness (Cloke and Milbourne, 2012). This report is aimed at analysing the issue of homelessness in detail and this is followed by an assessment of the health issues that are mostly encountered by people from being homeless. A critical assessment of the existing literature is being carried out in order to evaluate the health issues that are faced by people from being homelessness. It is not only the health conditions of people that will be assessed, but there will also be the assessment of the role and impact of homelessness over the wider community at large. Based on the findings from entire analysis, it will be summarised in the conclusion section of this report. Concept of Homelessness An analysis as performed with respect to the concept of homelessness in the existing literature indicates that this has been an important concept that mainly explains the people without home. An analysis indicates that home is identified as a place whereby people can establish social relations with others by way of entertaining them, establishing direct contact and through establishing association with that person. In this context, homeless is identified as people lacking the adequate ability to secure a place for living in spending their day and night time (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, 2000). A precise definition of homelessness has been provided by Edgar and others, and it is indicated as follows: This implies that homelessness is the state of condition whereby people are without home, and they neither have access to shelter nor the elements of home. The reason being people are homeless is mainly because they do not have accessibility to the sources of earning money. The lack of adequate money deprives them off from managing a place whereby they can take shelter. As a result, these people are often found begging at streets and they also spend their night time at streets. This exposes them to severe level of large number of threats including an adverse impact on their health conditions. People spending their nights on street are also exposed to the risk of losing their lives from cases such as accidents. Thus, homeless is identified as a major issue that needs appropriate level of treatment in ensuring that people can maintain their health standards efficiently and also ensures the right living conditions (Ravenhill, 2012). There has been different explanations being provided r egarding the concept of homelessness across different countries, but the major concept indicates that homelessness is a state whereby people are deprived from having accessibility to appropriate place whereby they can take shelter. Overall, the concept of homelessness indicates that it is a condition whereby people do not have their own residence which forces them to stay over streets. This exposes them directly to the external conditions, and as a result, there are higher overall chances that they are faced with adverse health conditions. Impact of Homelessness on Health Conditions As homelessness being identified as a major problem faced by people, its impact is severe over their health conditions. People need certain basic things in their life such as food, clothing, safety and social connection. However, with the absence of stable housing, they often fails to live efficiently and their basic needs get jeopardise as well. Living on the streets causes significant level of exposure to adverse health conditions and it often leads to their death as well. Good food, a shower and clean change of clothing are basic needs that must be fulfilled by a person. However, lack of accessibility to these factors by the homeless often pushes them towards the threat of adverse health conditions. There are a range of health issues to which they are exposed from facing the issue of homelessness. People experiencing homelessness have higher rates of chronic and acute health conditions. They are best classified as having the worst health conditions in particular, and have the chan ces of increased level of injuries and thereby higher mortality rates (Kryder-Coe, Salamon and Molnar, 1991). People facing the issue of homelessness have to spend their life on streets and this may affect their mental conditions in an adverse manner. A study has been carried out with 902 homeless individual in Batlimore City in 2005 in the form of survey and the conduct of the study has indicated about the inappropriate health conditions as faced by the people living on streets. The people that are faced with this issue of homelessness and are forced to live on streets are exposed to large range of health related issues. It has been evaluated that these people living on streets are faced with communicable diseases such as colds, flu, and tuberculosis. There has also been higher number of people living on streets are faced with the issue of TB outbreaks. Their inaccessibility to appropriate health conditions in particular has contributed towards such threat of TB (Campbell, 1999). The people living on streets are not only exposed to these above identified health issues, but there are various other areas of health concerns to which these street living people are exposed. As for instance, the people that live on street are highly exposed to the threats of hypothermia, frost bite and heat stroke, and these particular issues could contribute towards early death of those people. They may also result into permanent injuries to them. Other major health related problems that are evident with the homelessness people are categorised as the issue of skin and foot disorders, eye diseases including the dental problems, and also lice and other hygiene related conditions. All these problems are caused because these homelessness people do not have accessibility to maintain proper level of cleaning of their body. They do not have access to bathing, and since they cannot protect themselves from the environmental threats, the chances of their health condition being adversely aff ected are higher. People living on streets not only get the appropriate bathing opportunity, but they also lack accessibility to hygienic foods which often affects their health conditions in an adverse manner (Campbell, 1999). Another major study has been conducted in order to assess the impact of homelessness over the health conditions of people and the study was carried out in the form of surveys with 2938 homeless individuals and they were asked about 17 medical conditions. The performance of study has resulted into identification that there are more than 26% of the respondents reported one or more acute infectious conditions, and there are 8% reported one or more of the acute non infectious conditions, and 45% of them have reported one or more chronic health conditions. The impact over the health conditions is identified as negative as there are certain major commonly reported health conditions being faced by the homeless people. These include arthritis/joint problems/rheumatism and problems of high blood pressure, walking problems, handicap limiting mobility, cough or bronchitis, chest infection, cold etc are reported as the most significant health issues encountered by homelessness (Koerner, 1998). The health issues are not only limited to the above identified issues in respect to homeless people, but there are various other problems related to health that are faced by homeless people. An analysis of the existing literature indicates about such problems related to health condition within homeless people. Some of these health issues as identified especially in respect to homeless people are categorised as hypertension, and other heart related disorders, diabetes, liver disease, and HIV/AIDS. All these occurs at higher rates especially in respect to homeless people as compared to the general public because of their higher level of exposure to unhealthy conditions. The findings of the study indicated that diabetes is extremely difficult to manage especially in respect to homeless people because they are highly reliable on the food giveaways and dumpsters as their primary source of meals. These sources involve higher level of starch and fats and as a result, it is highly difficult for the homeless people to remain away from diabetes related problem (DiPietrom, 2008). The chances of homeless people exposed to certain kinds of health related issues are significantly higher. It has been evaluated that the homeless people have higher overall exposure to the issues of mental health and alcohol/drug use problems. Their potential to consume alcohol is significantly higher as compared to normal people which in turn have higher level of impact over their health conditions. Mental illness is identified as a leading issue caused from homelessness. The level of stress faced by the homeless people is significantly higher which can easily exacerbate and prolong mental illness and this in turn impedes the recovery and extending homelessness. The health related problems in the form of injuries and other trauma are highly common especially within the homeless people and this occurs more frequently within such homeless people as compared to other people that are housed poor (Austin and Boyd, 2010). As homeless people do not have their home to sleep, they have to spend their nights on streets which exposes them to risks which are not at all identified in respect to people that are housed properly. An important study by Burt et al (1999) has identified that there has been higher chances of homeless people being assaulted physically and homeless women have higher chances being raped. Issues in the form of violence and trauma are identified especially within homeless and this lead to a two fold increase in the level of depression within them. Because of such higher chances of exposure of homeless people to the health related threats of chronic disease, illness and injuries, there have been higher mortality rates within such homeless persons. This has been a major cause of concern associated especially in respect to the homelessness people, and this necessitates the need for appropriate measures aimed at resolving such issues. The role of governmental aid is crucial especially in re spect to such people suffering homelessness so that they can enhance their standard of living and this in turn would protect them from the health related issues to which they are exposed (Witherbee, 2008). Stress is a major threat to the health performance of individuals and this is identified at a greater level especially within the homeless people. These homeless people are known as having greater level of stress which ultimately results into several other issues to their health performance. As for instance, it has been identified that people suffering from higher level of stress are exposed to other health issues such as the inefficient performance of the immune system, sleep loss is higher especially within homeless people because of additional burden on them in managing their livelihood and no home to rest. The people suffering from the issue of homelessness have four times chances to have asthma problems and they have to spend longer times being hungry. This is mainly because they do not have accessibility to foods for three times a day and all these affect their health conditions at large (DiPietrom, 2008). Overall, the analysis above has indicated about the health related issues that are identified in respect to homeless people. The analysis resulted into identification that health related issues are significantly higher especially in respect to homeless people as compared to normal people and this is mainly because of adverse conditions faced by them. Such higher level of threat of homelessness necessitates the need to undertake active measures aimed at enhancing the conditions of people and their problems can efficiently be resolved. Impact of Homelessness over Wider Community The impact of homelessness over the health performance of such individuals is identified as negative. This section of analysis is now focused towards assessing the impact of such homelessness over the wider community performance. An analysis of the existing literature indicates that there has been negative overall impact of homelessness over wider community. There is significant level of negative impacts that could be evident especially over the entire community from the rise in the number of homeless people in the society. This suggests that the rise in the homeless people in the society results into increase in the number of people taking drugs, rise in the people sleeping on streets, increase in the number of beggars in the society and all these portrays a negative image of the entire society and community at large. The increase in the homelessness people suggests that there has been rise in the poverty levels across the economy, and this is a negative indicator of the performance of entire community (Witherbee, 2008). It is not only the negative impact of homelessness being identified over the wider community in terms of negative image, but there has been adverse overall impact being noted towards the growth and development of the community at large. This is mainly because in order to resolve such issues of homelessness, there has been significant level of resources that have to be spent by the governmental authorities which in turn affects the funding available for the wider community development at large. Homelessness is therefore identified as a crucial issue that impacts the overall growth and development opportunities available to the society and community at large (Allender, Rector and Warner, 2013). It is not only the consumption of resources that has been evident in respect to homeless people, but these homeless people also do not account for any major contribution to the development of society at large. This signifies that they hardly have jobs or any other source of earning revenue and this in turn implies that they do not contribute towards the governmental revenue at large. There is no such contribution of taxation revenue by them, and as a result, the represent a negative overall burden over the performance of the entire community. This suggests that there is economic impact of homelessness over the society at large. There are various homelessness programs that are required to be carried out by the government and other regulatory authorities aimed at reducing this issue because it has a negative overall impact over the society. These initiatives are mainly in terms of services programs for homeless such as arrangement for shelter, day centres, and homeless medical services and so on. These programs account for significant level of consumption of resources, and their resulting impact is direct over the performance of the society at large (Christine, Peter and Vicki, 2013). Overall, the analysis as carried out above has indicated that homelessness is identified as a major problem to the performance of community and entire society at large. The issues are not significant especially in terms of the adverse health performance of the homeless people, but there has been negative impact being indicated by such homelessness over the entire image of the society at large. Conclusion In this report, a critical assessment has been carried out especially in respect to the concept of homelessness and also the various major impact of such homeless factor over the performance of health conditions and the wider community at large. On the basis of performance of the entire analysis, it has been assessed that homelessness is a condition whereby people does not have their own home to take shelter, and they have to spend their days and nights on streets. Homelessness is identified as a major problem and its impact on the health conditions implies that there has been negative overall impact being noted with regard to the health performance. This is mainly because the analysis above has resulted into the identification of large number of issues health issues suffered by such homeless people. It has been assessed that the major health related issues as identified in respect to homeless are mainly in terms of higher mental problems, increasing alcohol and drug abuse, cold, hea rt related problems, diabetes and many more. All these issues are significant and there is higher potential that these issues are identified in respect to the homeless people as compared to normal people. Such adverse impact on the health condition of people from homelessness requires appropriate measures to be considered by the authorities so that the problem can be resolved in a positive manner. The analysis also indicated that the impact of homelessness is negative over the performance condition of the community at large. It represents a negative overall meaning of the homelessness to the entire community performance. 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